hope和wish在语法上有什么区别


hope和wish在语法上有什么区别

文章插图
一、用作及物动词的wish和hope之比较
1与不定式短语搭配时的异同比较 。
作及物动词时,wish和hope都与to do sth搭配 。但分析表明,wish to do sth意为“现在”想做某事,它表达的是眼下的要求或意愿(一般容易实现),其中“do”隐含的时间状语是“now”或“then” 。而hope to do sth意为想在“将来”做成某事,它表达的是一个想要实现的目标(不一定能实现),其中“do”隐含的时间状语是“in some time to come” 。请比较下列从语料库中摘引的例子(注:本文中所有举例均摘自Cobuild语料库) 。
A lady wished to see me urgently
I wish now to give a more detailed description of the 1974 Remembrance Day march
DRI hopes to Out-Dos Ms-Dos with DR Dos
Their lawyer hops to take the case to the European Council
有时,wish与 to do sth搭配主要是表示礼貌和郑重,如:
The authors wish to thank Ron Hochsprung at Apple for his patience and support
2与that引导的从句搭配时的异同比较 。
作及物动词时 , wish和hope都与that-clause搭配 , 但存在三方面的差异:1)在组合模式上,wish和that-clause只以sb + wish + that-clause的形式组合 。而hope和that-clause可以sb + hope + that-clause以及It + be + hoped + that-clause两种形式组合 。2)在语义上,wish + that-clause和hope + that-clause虽都表示愿某种理想的情况(由that-clause表示出来)在“过去”、“现在”或“将来”出现 。但wish意味着所希望的是与事实相反的情况,因此几乎没有出现的可能性,而hope意味着说话人认为所希望的情况有可能出现(也许并不会出现) , 并对之怀有期盼 。3)在用法上,wish后的that-clause中的谓语动词只用两种时态:过去完成时(表示该情况与过去的事实相反)和一般过去时(表示该情况与现在或将来的事实相反) 。如:
One only wishes that he had spent more time gaining a perspective outside America
I wish your teeth were larger
I do wish they would get on with it
而hope后的that-clause中的谓语动词可用多种时态 。一般说来,过去时态表示陈述的是“过去”的情况,进行时态表示陈述的是“现在”的情况,将来时态或一般现在时态表示陈述的是“将来”的情况 。请看举例:
I hope you were inspired by the march, the drums, and God knows what
I hope Apple is working on the next-generation Macintosh operating system
It's hoped that it will shortly be supplying 40% of South Africa's motor fuel requirement
Let's hope he gets better and comes home
3wish带名词做宾语的分析 。
用作及物动词的wish可以带名词做宾语,两者的搭配方式为:wish sb sth或 wish sth to /on sb(表祝愿),wish sb to do sth 或 wish sth done(表愿望) 。例如: